Operant Conditioning:

• Introduced by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning focuses on how behaviors are influenced by their consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment.
• In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. Positive reinforcement involves presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to achieve the same effect.
• Punishment involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
• Operant conditioning principles are widely applied in education, including classroom management, behavior modification programs, and teaching strategies aimed at shaping desired behaviors.

Observational Learning:

• Also known as social learning theory, observational learning was developed by Albert Bandura. It emphasizes the role of modeling, imitation, and vicarious reinforcement in learning.
• Observational learning occurs when individuals observe the behavior of others and its consequences. Then imitate or refrain from imitating that behavior based on the observed outcomes.
• Key components of observational learning include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• Observational learning plays a significant role in educational settings, as learners often acquire new behaviors, skills, and attitudes by observing and imitating teachers, peers, or other role models.

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