Monthly Archives: February 2023

M. Ed., Psychology of Learning and Development

Brain Storming Method

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Brainstorming is a creative problem-solving technique that involves producing a large number of ideas in a short period of time. The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible.

Osborn’s (1957) brainstorming is a group approach to encourage
creativity. It is a technique where people in a group setting are required to come up with as many ideas as possible. People or individuals give out whatever comes to their mind on a particular topic/issue without much thinking about it or postponing it or judging it. There are four basic guidelines for the group:

Features of Brain Storming Method :

(1) The greater the number of ideas, the better it is.


(2) People can combine two or more ideas that are proposed by others.

(3)The brainstorming session maintains the encouragement of each other, complete friendliness, and a relaxed mind.

(4) Group Involvement helps in the exchange of ideas and building a better communication system.

(5) People are not allowed to judge or criticize each other ideas so it is a good way to give ideas without being criticized.

(6) Participants are encouraged to think outside the box, be imaginative, and build on each other’s ideas.

Also Read: Assessment Techniques of Personality

These are some of the main features of brainstorming, which are effective in promoting creativity, generating new and innovative ideas, and solving problems in a group setting.

Brain Storming Method of Creativity
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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

Bases of Curriculum

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The term “bases of curriculum” refers to the fundamental principles, beliefs, and values that guide the design and implementation of educational programs and curricula. These may include:

  1. Philosophical basis: One of the contributing factors in determining the curriculum is are nature of knowledge, reality, and the purpose of education.
  2. Psychological basis: understanding of how students learn, motivation, and development because they will help in determining the curriculum.
  3. Sociological basis: Society plays a very important role in determining the future of a child so recognition of the impact of society, culture, and environment on education and learning will directly infer with the curriculum.
  4. Historical basis: It is important to consider past educational practices and their relevance to current and future educational needs.
  5. Political basis: awareness of the political, economic, and legal factors that influence education policy and practice can directly affect the curriculum.
Also Read: Factors influencing Curriculum Change

These bases provide the framework for creating an education program that is meaningful, relevant, and responsive to the needs of students and society. So they are called the bases of the curriculum as they will help in creating a proper structure.

Bases of Curriculum
Bases of Curriculum
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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

Emerging Problems Related to Knowledge

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There are few problems related to knowledge and emerging trends:

  1. Misinformation and fake news: The rise of social media and the easy access to information is causing spread of misinformation and false information, making it difficult for people to differentiate between reliable and unreliable sources.
  2. Information overload: The increasing amount of information available has led to an overwhelming amount of information, making it difficult for people to process and retain knowledge.
  3. Decline in critical thinking: The ease of access to information has led to a decline in critical thinking skills, as people are more likely to accept information at face value without questioning its validity.
  4. Digital divide: Not everyone has equal access to technology and the internet, creating a digital divide that causes existing social and economic inequalities.
  5. False information has led to the spread of conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and other forms of false information, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

So these are few emerging problems related to knowledge.

Also Read: Factors Influencing Curriculum Change
Emerging Problem Related to Knowledge
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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

Difference Between Concrete and Absolute Knowledge

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Concrete knowledge is the knowledge that is based on specific, observable facts and experiences, while absolute knowledge is the knowledge that is considered to be universal and unchanging, independent of individual perspectives or experiences.

Concrete is often more empirical and can be proven through observation and experimentation whereas absolute knowledge is often more philosophical and may not be able to be proven in the same way.

Concrete knowledge refers to knowledge of specific facts, events, and things. It is the knowledge that can be verified and proven to be true or false through empirical evidence and observation. It is also known as empirical knowledge or a posteriori knowledge.

Absolute knowledge refers to knowledge that is considered to be true and certain without the need for any further justification or proof. It is often associated with philosophical and religious beliefs and is considered to be a priori knowledge, which is the knowledge that is known independently of experience.

In summary, concrete knowledge is based on evidence and experience, while absolute knowledge is based on belief and cannot be verified through observation or experimentation.

Also Read: Contextual and Textual Knowledge
Difference between Contextual and textual knowledge
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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

Local vs Universal Knowledge

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Local knowledge is the knowledge that is specific to a particular place, region, or culture. Local Knowledge includes traditional practices, beliefs, values, customs, and ways of life that have been developed and passed down over time within a particular community. Local knowledge is mostly practical in nature and closely related to the local environment, including the natural and human-made systems that support life in that area.

Local knowledge is specific to a particular place or culture, while universal knowledge is recognized as having value and validity across different regions and cultures.

Universal knowledge refers to knowledge that is not tied to any particular place or culture and is recognized as having value and validity across different regions and cultures. Universal knowledge typically includes scientific principles, mathematical concepts, and other forms of knowledge that are considered to be true and unchanging regardless of where they are studied. Universal knowledge is the result of proper scientific and systematic study and research which is considered to be objective and impartial.

Universal knowledge is considered to be true, valid, and relevant in all cultures and communities. It is based on scientific principles and evidence which is considered to be applicable and relevant in all societies and cultures. Universal knowledge is often acquired through formal education and is validated through research and experimentation.

Also Read: Contextual and Textual Knowledge
Local vs Universal Knowledge
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