Monthly Archives: March 2023

Historical, Political and Economic Foundations of Education, M. Ed.

Economics of Brain Drain

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The economics of brain drain can be analyzed from different perspectives. Brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from their home country to another country, often for better job opportunities or higher wages.

The perspective of Home Country

From the perspective of the home country, brain drain can have negative economic consequences.

Highly skilled and educated workers are often crucial to a country’s economic development, innovation, and productivity. When these individuals leave their home country, it can result in a loss of human capital, which can ultimately hinder economic growth.

Additionally, the cost of educating these individuals is borne by the home country, which means that brain drain can also result in a loss of public investment.

The perspective of the host country

On the other hand, from the perspective of the host country, brain drain can be beneficial.

Highly skilled and educated workers are often in demand, particularly in sectors such as technology, healthcare, and academia. These workers can contribute to the host country’s economy by creating jobs, generating tax revenue, and driving innovation.

For the Individuals themselves

For the individuals themselves, brain drain can be both positive and negative.

Positive: Emigrating to another country can result in higher wages, better job opportunities, and a higher standard of living.

Negative: Brain drain can also result in social and cultural isolation, as well as a loss of connection to one’s home country and community.

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Features of Brain Drain :

The economics of brain drain is a complex phenomenon that involves a number of features, including:

  1. Skilled human capital: Brain drain typically involves the emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals, such as doctors, engineers, scientists, and other professionals.
  2. Push and pull factors: Brain drain is often driven by both push and pull factors. Push factors include poor economic conditions, political instability, limited job opportunities, and poor working conditions in the home country, while pull factors include better wages, job opportunities, and working conditions in the host country.
  3. Cost of education: In many cases, the cost of educating individuals who subsequently emigrate is borne by the home country. This means that brain drain can result in a loss of public investment and a drain on the home country’s resources.
  4. Brain circulation: Brain drain is not always a one-way process. Many highly skilled and educated individuals eventually return to their home country after working or studying abroad. This can result in a brain circulation process where individuals bring back new skills, knowledge, and experiences to their home country.
  5. Economic impact: Brain drain can have both positive and negative economic impacts on the home and host countries. The home country may experience a loss of skilled labor and a hindrance to economic growth, while the host country may benefit from an influx of skilled labor and the development of new industries and sectors.
  6. Social impact: Brain drain can also have significant social impacts on the individuals who emigrate, as well as their families and communities. This can include social and cultural isolation, a loss of connection to one’s home country, and a strain on family relationships.
Economics of Brain Drain
Also read: Wood Despatch
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Historical, Political and Economic Foundations of Education, M. Ed.

Wood Despatch

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The Wood Dispatch of 1854, also known as the Despatch on Indian Education, proposed important reforms related to education in India.

The Wood Despatch was a significant document in the history of British rule in India.

It was very important as it proposed several reforms related to governance, education, and other areas of Indian society.

The dispatch played a key role in shaping the future of British policy towards India and in setting the stage for further reforms in the years to come.

Who created wood despatch?

The Wood Dispatch, also known as the Despatch on Indian Constitutional Reforms and the Despatch on Indian Education, was written by Sir Charles Wood.

Sir Charles Wood was a British politician who served as the President of the Board of Control for India from 1852 to 1855.

The Wood Despatch of 1854 proposed several important features of education in India, including:

  1. The establishment of a system of public education, with government support and funding.
  2. The creation of universities and colleges to provide higher education to Indians, with a focus to prepare students for employment.
  3. The promotion of Indian languages and literature, in addition to English, to preserve India’s cultural heritage and promote national identity.
  4. The training of Indian teachers to improve the quality of education in the country.
  5. The development of technical education to provide practical skills to Indians, with a focus on promoting industrial and agricultural development.
  6. The establishment of a system of grants and scholarships to encourage Indians to pursue education.
  7. The creation of schools for women, to provide education to girls and women.
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These features of education proposed in the Wood Despatch helped to establish a more comprehensive system of education in India.

The dispatch recognized the need for education to be practical and relevant to the needs of the Indian people, with a focus on promoting national identity and economic development.

The creation of universities and colleges, the promotion of Indian languages and literature.

The establishment of schools for women was an important step toward creating a more inclusive and modern education system in India.

Wood Dispatch
Also read: Hunters Commission
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Historical, Political and Economic Foundations of Education

Hunters Commission

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The Hunter Commission, also known as the Indian Education Commission, was a British government-appointed commission that was established in 1882.

Hunters commission was headed by Sir William Wilson Hunter, a British civil servant who had served in India, and included several other British and Indian members.

Why it was established?

It was established to examine the state of education in India and to make recommendations for its improvement.

  • The Hunters commission conducted a comprehensive survey of the state of education in India, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education,
  • Hunters Commission also looked at issues such as funding, curriculum, teacher training, and the role of the government in education.
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Recommendations of Hunter Commission

The commission’s final report, published in 1883, made a number of recommendations for the improvement of education in India,

Hunters Commission recommended the establishment of more schools and colleges, the expansion of teacher training programs, and the development of a curriculum that was more relevant to the needs of Indian society.

Although the recommendations of the Hunter Commission were not immediately implemented, they had a significant impact on education policy in India in the decades that followed.

The commission’s emphasis on the importance of education in the development of the Indian people helped to lay the foundations for a modern education system in India.

The Hunter Commission, or the Indian Education Commission, published its report in 1883 after conducting a comprehensive survey of the state of education in India.

The main points and recommendations of the commission included:

  1. Expansion of education: The commission recommended the expansion of education in India, including the establishment of more schools and colleges, especially for girls, and the introduction of technical and vocational education.
  2. Improvement of curriculum: The commission suggested revising the curriculum to make it more relevant to the needs of Indian society and the economy, and to ensure that it included the study of Indian languages, history, and culture.
  3. Teacher training: The commission emphasized the need for better teacher training, including the establishment of training institutions for teachers, and the introduction of new methods of teaching and pedagogy.
  4. Language policy: The commission recommended the use of local languages as the medium of instruction at the primary level and the promotion of English as the medium of instruction at higher levels of education.
  5. Funding: The commission recommended an increase in funding for education, both from the government and from private individuals and organizations, to support the expansion and improvement of the education system.
  6. Role of government: The commission emphasized the importance of government involvement in education, including the establishment of a centralized education department and the appointment of education officers at the district level.

Overall, the Hunter Commission’s report highlighted the need for education in India to promote economic and social development.

It also empowered individuals and communities. Its recommendations helped to shape education policy in India for many decades to come.

Also, read Assessment Techniques of Personality
Hunter’s Commission

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M. Ed., Psychology of Learning and Development

Assessment Techniques of Personality

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There are many known assessment techniques for personality. Assessing personality can be done using a variety of techniques, depending on the specific goal of the assessment and the context in which it is being conducted.

Here are some common techniques for personality assessment:

  1. Self-Report Measures: Self-report measures are questionnaires or inventories that individuals complete themselves. These measures ask individuals to respond to questions about their attitudes, behaviors, and emotions. Examples include the Big Five Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
  2. Observational Methods: Observational methods involve observing an individual’s behavior in natural or controlled settings. This can include structured observations, such as laboratory experiments, or unstructured observations, such as watching how someone behaves in a social setting.
  3. Behavioral Assessments: Behavioral assessments involve assessing an individual’s behavior in specific situations. This can include role-playing exercises or tasks designed to elicit certain behaviors.
  4. Neuroscientific Methods: Neuroscientific methods involve using brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to study the neural correlates of personality traits.
  5. Projective Techniques: Projective techniques involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or incomplete sentences, and asking them to respond. The idea is that the individual’s responses reveal unconscious aspects of their personality. Examples include the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.
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Projective techniques are a type of personality assessment that involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures, words, or incomplete sentences, and asking them to respond.

Here are some examples of commonly used projective techniques in personality assessment:
  1. Rorschach Inkblot Test: This test involves presenting individuals with a series of inkblots and asking them to describe what they see. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the content of the response, the location of the response, and the level of detail provided.
  2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): This test involves presenting individuals with a series of pictures and asking them to create a story based on the pictures. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the themes that emerge in the story and the emotions expressed in the story.
  3. Sentence Completion Test: This test involves presenting individuals with incomplete sentences and asking them to complete them. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the content of the response and the level of detail provided.
  4. Draw-a-Person Test: This test involves asking individuals to draw a person and then asking them to describe the person they have drawn. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the level of detail provided and the emotions expressed in the description.
Assessment Techniques of Personality
Also read: Defense Mechanism in Psychology
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B. Ed., Childhood and Growing Up, M. Ed., Psychology of Learning and Development

Factors affecting Growth and Development

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There are numerous factors that can affect growth and development like Genetics and environment.

A few of them are mentioned below:
  1. Genetics: Hereditary factors can determine physical characteristics and predispositions to certain health conditions.
  2. Environment: The physical, social, and cultural environment in which a person grows up can have a significant impact on their development.
  3. Nutrition: Adequate nutrition is crucial for healthy growth and development, as it provides the necessary nutrients for the body to grow and function properly.
  4. Hormones: Hormones play a critical role in growth and development, including puberty and reproductive development.
  5. Physical activity: Regular exercise and physical activity can help promote healthy growth and development, as well as overall health and well-being.
  6. Sleep: Adequate sleep is important for growth and development, as it allows the body to repair and regenerate tissues.
  7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as chronic illnesses, infections, or injuries, can affect growth and development.
  8. Parental factors: Parental behavior, including parenting style, discipline, and involvement, can have a significant impact on a child’s development.
  9. Socioeconomic status: Socioeconomic status can affect access to resources, such as education and healthcare, that can impact growth and development.
  10. Cultural factors: Cultural beliefs and values can influence growth and development, particularly in terms of socialization and identity formation.

Growth refers to the physical changes that occur in a child’s body, such as increases in height, weight, and the size of organs and bones.

Development, on the other hand, refers to the broader changes in a child’s cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral skills and abilities.

Factors affecting growth and development are including genetics, nutrition, physical activity, environment, and social and emotional experiences.

Also read: Parenting Styles
Factor affecting growth and Development
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