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B. Ed., Guidance and Counselling, IV Guidance and Counselling, M. Ed., NET, Paper 2, Unit 3 Learner and Learning Process

Types of Guidance

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There are several types of guidance that can be provided in different contexts, such as Educational, Vocational, Social and Personal Guidance.

  1. Educational Guidance: This type of guidance is designed to help students succeed academically. Educational guidance can include assistance with course selection, study strategies, time management, exam preparation, and career planning. Educational guidance can also include specialized support for students with learning disabilities, those who are struggling academically, or those who are transitioning from one level of education to another.
  2. Vocational Guidance: This type of guidance helps individuals make informed decisions about their career or job choices. Vocational guidance can include assistance with identifying career goals, exploring different career paths, developing job-search skills, creating resumes and cover letters, and preparing for job interviews. Vocational guidance may also involve identifying and addressing any gaps in a person’s skillset or education that may be preventing them from achieving their career goals.
  3. Social Guidance: This type of guidance focuses on developing healthy social relationships. Social guidance can include assistance with developing communication skills, building healthy interpersonal relationships, developing empathy and emotional intelligence, and conflict resolution. Social guidance may be particularly important for individuals who are struggling with anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues that may be impacting their ability to connect with others.
  4. Personal Guidance: This type of guidance focuses on helping individuals develop a better understanding of themselves and their goals. Personal guidance can include assistance with self-reflection, identifying personal values and priorities, developing mindfulness, and setting goals for personal growth. Personal guidance may also include counseling or therapy for individuals who are struggling with mental health issues or emotional challenges.

Overall, guidance can be an essential aspect of personal and professional development, and seeking guidance can help individuals achieve their goals and navigate challenges effectively.

Also Read : Approaches of Career Guidance

Types of Guidance

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Approaches of Assessment, Assessment for Learning, B. Ed., M. Ed.

Online Examination System

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Online examination system refers to a platform or software that allows students to take exams online. The system may be used for a range of assessments, including quizzes, tests, and final exams.

Advantages of Online Examination System :

The online examination system has several advantages, including:

  1. Convenience: The system provides convenience to students, as they can take the exam from anywhere and at any time, as long as they have access to a computer or mobile device and an internet connection.
  2. Flexibility: The system allows for flexibility in terms of the type of exam and the time duration of the exam. It also allows for customization of exams based on individual student needs.
  3. Security: The system offers better security measures than traditional paper-based exams. Online exams can be password protected, and the system can detect and prevent cheating, such as using unauthorized materials or collaborating with others.
  4. Immediate feedback: The system can provide immediate feedback to students, which allows them to review their performance and identify areas for improvement.
  5. Reduced administrative workload: The system can reduce the administrative workload, as it automates the grading and scoring process.

Disadvantages of Online examination system:

  1. Technical issues: The system may be affected by technical issues such as internet connectivity, server downtime, or software glitches, which may affect the student’s ability to take the exam.
  2. Cheating: Although the system offers better security measures, students may still find ways to cheat, such as by using multiple devices or collaborating with others remotely.
  3. Limited interaction: It may limit interaction between students and instructors, which may affect the student’s ability to ask questions or seek clarification during the exam.
  4. Requires digital literacy: The system requires students to have digital literacy skills, which may be a barrier for some students who do not have access to technology or are not familiar with using computers or mobile devices.

Overall, the online examination system has several advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to carefully consider these factors when deciding whether to use this type of assessment.

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Online examination System
Online Examination System

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Approaches of Assessment, Assessment for Learning, B. Ed., M. Ed.

Open Book System

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Open book system refers to an assessment method in which students are allowed to use their textbooks, notes, and other study materials during an exam. This type of assessment is different from traditional closed-book exams, where students are not allowed to refer to any materials during the exam.

In an open book system, students are expected to have a better understanding of the material and be able to apply critical thinking skills to solve problems. They are also expected to be able to use their textbooks and notes to support their answers and provide evidence for their reasoning.

Some of the advantages of the open book system include:

  1. Encourages deeper learning: Since students are allowed to use their study materials, the open book system encourages them to read and understand the material in depth, as they will need to apply their knowledge to solve problems.
  2. Fosters critical thinking skills: It may requires students to analyze and interpret information, apply concepts, and draw conclusions, which fosters critical thinking skills.
  3. Reduces stress and anxiety: Students may feel less stressed and anxious during an open book exam as they have access to their study materials.
  4. Provides more accurate assessment: It may provide a more accurate assessment of a student’s knowledge and skills as they are required to apply their knowledge and skills to solve problems.

However, the open book system also has some disadvantages, such as:

  1. Requires time management skills: Students must manage their time effectively during an open book exam, as they may have more material to review than in a closed-book exam.
  2. May reduce the importance of memorization: Since students are allowed to use their study materials, they may not place as much importance on memorization, which may affect their long-term retention of the material.
  3. Can lead to cheating: It may lead to cheating, as students may be tempted to collaborate with others or use unauthorized resources during the exam.
  4. May not be suitable for all subjects: It may not be suitable for subjects that require memorization, such as language learning or mathematics, where the ability to recall information is essential.

Also Read : Difference between Measurement and Evaluation

Open Book System
Open Book System

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Approaches of Assessment, Assessment for Learning, B. Ed., M. Ed.

Semester System

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The semester system is an academic calendar system that divides the academic year into two or three semesters, each of which typically lasts for 15-18 weeks. Here are some of the merits and demerits of the semester system:

Merits:

  1. Flexibility: The semester system provides greater flexibility for students in terms of course scheduling, allowing them to take a wider variety of courses and complete their degree requirements at their own pace.
  2. Continuous Assessment: The semester system provides regular opportunities for students to be assessed and evaluated through mid-term and end-of-semester exams, quizzes, and assignments. This helps to monitor student progress and provide timely feedback, which can be beneficial for students’ learning.
  3. Opportunities for Improvement: With regular assessments, students who don’t perform well in one semester have another opportunity to improve in the next semester, and the overall grades are averaged to calculate the final grade.
  4. Improved Faculty-Student Interaction: The semester system allows for more frequent interactions between students and faculty, which can lead to better communication and understanding.
  5. Improved Learning Outcomes: With regular assessments, students are more motivated to keep up with their studies and can be more actively engaged in their learning.

Demerits:

  1. High-stress levels: The semester system may increase the stress levels among students, due to the pressure of regular exams, deadlines and workload.
  2. Difficulties with transferring credits: Transferring credits between universities with different semester systems can be challenging, as the course content and duration may differ.
  3. Limited time for deep learning: With shorter semesters, students may not have sufficient time to fully understand and absorb complex concepts or to engage in deep learning.
  4. Limited opportunities for remedial classes: With limited time and a packed curriculum, there may be limited opportunities for students to attend remedial classes, which can be disadvantageous for students who struggle with certain subjects.
  5. Difficulty in coordinating courses: Due to the number of courses offered, coordinating between different departments and courses can be challenging.

Also Read : Difference between Measurement and Evaluation

Semester System

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B. Ed., Learning and teaching, NET, Paper 2, Unit 7 Pedagogy, Andragogy and Assessment

Herbartian Model of Memory level of Teaching

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The Herbartian model of memory level of teaching does not explicitly address the concepts of Focus, Syntax, and Social System Support System. However, it does emphasize the importance of a supportive learning environment and the role of the teacher in facilitating learning.

Focus

The Herbartian model emphasizes on the development of the mental abilities of the learner. The importance of organizing and presenting new information in a clear and organized manner, using examples and illustrations to aid understanding. It also include cramming of facts along with training of mental aspects. This helps to ensure that students can retain the facts and concepts.

Syntax

In Herbart’s model, the process of teaching involves five steps: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. These steps are designed to help students develop their powers of observation, memory, and reasoning.

The first step, preparation, involves getting students ready for learning by introducing the topic and establishing its relevance to their interests and prior knowledge. The second step, presentation, involves presenting the new information in a clear and organized manner, using examples and illustrations to aid understanding.

The third step, association, involves linking the new information to what the students already know, making connections between ideas and concepts. The fourth step, generalization, involves drawing out general principles and concepts from the specific information presented.

The final step, application, involves applying the new knowledge to real-life situations, and reflecting on the learning process.

Social system

The Herbartian model emphasizes the role of the teacher in classroom. Here the role of teacher is secondary and role of student is primary.

Support Learning

In support learning, all instructional aids adapted during teaching comes in support system.

Also Read : Intervention Model of Curriculum

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