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Historical, Political and Economic Foundations of Education

Hunters Commission

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The Hunter Commission, also known as the Indian Education Commission, was a British government-appointed commission that was established in 1882.

Hunters commission was headed by Sir William Wilson Hunter, a British civil servant who had served in India, and included several other British and Indian members.

Why it was established?

It was established to examine the state of education in India and to make recommendations for its improvement.

  • The Hunters commission conducted a comprehensive survey of the state of education in India, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education,
  • Hunters Commission also looked at issues such as funding, curriculum, teacher training, and the role of the government in education.
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Recommendations of Hunter Commission

The commission’s final report, published in 1883, made a number of recommendations for the improvement of education in India,

Hunters Commission recommended the establishment of more schools and colleges, the expansion of teacher training programs, and the development of a curriculum that was more relevant to the needs of Indian society.

Although the recommendations of the Hunter Commission were not immediately implemented, they had a significant impact on education policy in India in the decades that followed.

The commission’s emphasis on the importance of education in the development of the Indian people helped to lay the foundations for a modern education system in India.

The Hunter Commission, or the Indian Education Commission, published its report in 1883 after conducting a comprehensive survey of the state of education in India.

The main points and recommendations of the commission included:

  1. Expansion of education: The commission recommended the expansion of education in India, including the establishment of more schools and colleges, especially for girls, and the introduction of technical and vocational education.
  2. Improvement of curriculum: The commission suggested revising the curriculum to make it more relevant to the needs of Indian society and the economy, and to ensure that it included the study of Indian languages, history, and culture.
  3. Teacher training: The commission emphasized the need for better teacher training, including the establishment of training institutions for teachers, and the introduction of new methods of teaching and pedagogy.
  4. Language policy: The commission recommended the use of local languages as the medium of instruction at the primary level and the promotion of English as the medium of instruction at higher levels of education.
  5. Funding: The commission recommended an increase in funding for education, both from the government and from private individuals and organizations, to support the expansion and improvement of the education system.
  6. Role of government: The commission emphasized the importance of government involvement in education, including the establishment of a centralized education department and the appointment of education officers at the district level.

Overall, the Hunter Commission’s report highlighted the need for education in India to promote economic and social development.

It also empowered individuals and communities. Its recommendations helped to shape education policy in India for many decades to come.

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Hunter’s Commission

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M. Ed., Psychology of Learning and Development

Assessment Techniques of Personality

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There are many known assessment techniques for personality. Assessing personality can be done using a variety of techniques, depending on the specific goal of the assessment and the context in which it is being conducted.

Here are some common techniques for personality assessment:

  1. Self-Report Measures: Self-report measures are questionnaires or inventories that individuals complete themselves. These measures ask individuals to respond to questions about their attitudes, behaviors, and emotions. Examples include the Big Five Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
  2. Observational Methods: Observational methods involve observing an individual’s behavior in natural or controlled settings. This can include structured observations, such as laboratory experiments, or unstructured observations, such as watching how someone behaves in a social setting.
  3. Behavioral Assessments: Behavioral assessments involve assessing an individual’s behavior in specific situations. This can include role-playing exercises or tasks designed to elicit certain behaviors.
  4. Neuroscientific Methods: Neuroscientific methods involve using brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to study the neural correlates of personality traits.
  5. Projective Techniques: Projective techniques involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or incomplete sentences, and asking them to respond. The idea is that the individual’s responses reveal unconscious aspects of their personality. Examples include the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.
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Projective techniques are a type of personality assessment that involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures, words, or incomplete sentences, and asking them to respond.

Here are some examples of commonly used projective techniques in personality assessment:
  1. Rorschach Inkblot Test: This test involves presenting individuals with a series of inkblots and asking them to describe what they see. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the content of the response, the location of the response, and the level of detail provided.
  2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): This test involves presenting individuals with a series of pictures and asking them to create a story based on the pictures. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the themes that emerge in the story and the emotions expressed in the story.
  3. Sentence Completion Test: This test involves presenting individuals with incomplete sentences and asking them to complete them. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the content of the response and the level of detail provided.
  4. Draw-a-Person Test: This test involves asking individuals to draw a person and then asking them to describe the person they have drawn. The responses are analyzed based on various factors, such as the level of detail provided and the emotions expressed in the description.
Assessment Techniques of Personality
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B. Ed., Childhood and Growing Up, M. Ed., Psychology of Learning and Development

Factors affecting Growth and Development

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There are numerous factors that can affect growth and development like Genetics and environment.

A few of them are mentioned below:
  1. Genetics: Hereditary factors can determine physical characteristics and predispositions to certain health conditions.
  2. Environment: The physical, social, and cultural environment in which a person grows up can have a significant impact on their development.
  3. Nutrition: Adequate nutrition is crucial for healthy growth and development, as it provides the necessary nutrients for the body to grow and function properly.
  4. Hormones: Hormones play a critical role in growth and development, including puberty and reproductive development.
  5. Physical activity: Regular exercise and physical activity can help promote healthy growth and development, as well as overall health and well-being.
  6. Sleep: Adequate sleep is important for growth and development, as it allows the body to repair and regenerate tissues.
  7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as chronic illnesses, infections, or injuries, can affect growth and development.
  8. Parental factors: Parental behavior, including parenting style, discipline, and involvement, can have a significant impact on a child’s development.
  9. Socioeconomic status: Socioeconomic status can affect access to resources, such as education and healthcare, that can impact growth and development.
  10. Cultural factors: Cultural beliefs and values can influence growth and development, particularly in terms of socialization and identity formation.

Growth refers to the physical changes that occur in a child’s body, such as increases in height, weight, and the size of organs and bones.

Development, on the other hand, refers to the broader changes in a child’s cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral skills and abilities.

Factors affecting growth and development are including genetics, nutrition, physical activity, environment, and social and emotional experiences.

Also read: Parenting Styles
Factor affecting growth and Development
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Indian Society (Elective Subject), M. Ed.

Sanskritization

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Sanskritization refers to the process by which a lower caste or non-caste group in India adopts the customs, rituals, beliefs, and practices of the upper caste Brahmins in order to gain social status and upward mobility within the Hindu caste system.

This term was first coined by M.N. Srinivas, a famous Indian sociologist.

Sanskritization involves the adoption of the Sanskrit language, literature, and religion, as well as other cultural practices associated with the upper castes.

This process often involves changes in dress, food habits, and even the adoption of new names and surnames.

The process of Sanskritization has been both praised and criticized by scholars. Some see it as a positive step towards greater social equality, while others see it as a reinforcement of caste-based discrimination and inequality. Additionally, some argue that the adoption of Brahminical culture by non-Brahmin groups can lead to the marginalization and erasure of other cultural traditions and practices.

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The process of Sanskritization in India involves several distinct features, including:

  1. Adoption of Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is considered the language of the gods and the highest language of the Brahmins. Lower castes that aspire to a higher social status often adopt Sanskrit words and phrases in their speech and writing.
  2. Changes in diet and lifestyle: Brahminical customs and traditions include strict dietary rules, such as abstaining from meat and alcohol. Non-Brahmin communities that wish to emulate higher castes often adopt similar dietary restrictions and other aspects of the Brahminical lifestyle.
  3. Emphasis on education: The Brahmins have traditionally held a monopoly on education, and non-Brahmin communities may adopt Brahminical forms of education and scholarship to gain social status.
  4. Religious practices: The Brahmins hold a dominant position in Hindu society as the keepers of religious knowledge and practice. Lower castes may adopt Brahminical religious practices and beliefs in order to gain social prestige.
  5. Naming conventions: Brahmins traditionally have complex naming conventions that indicate their caste, family, and religious affiliation. Non-Brahmin communities may adopt similar naming conventions as a way of signaling their affiliation with higher castes.

Overall, the process of Sanskritization involves the adoption of a range of cultural practices and beliefs associated with the Brahmins, with the goal of gaining social status and prestige within the Hindu caste system.

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Sanskritization
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Indian Society (Elective Subject), M. Ed.

Social Change

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Social change refers to any significant alteration in the patterns of social behavior, attitudes, and beliefs that occur within a society over time.

This can occur in response to a variety of factors, including changes in technology, economic conditions, political developments, cultural trends, and demographic shifts.

Social change can take many different forms, including changes in social norms, values, and beliefs, changes in social institutions and organizations, and changes in individual behavior and attitudes.

Some examples of social change include the abolition of slavery, women’s suffrage, the civil rights movement, the legalization of same-sex marriage, and the adoption of new technologies such as the internet and social media.

Social change can be driven by a range of actors, including grassroots social movements, government policies, and changes in public opinion. It can be either gradual or rapid and can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals and communities. Ultimately, social change is a complex and ongoing process that reflects the evolving needs and priorities of a society over time.

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There are many reasons why social change occurs, including:

  1. Technological advancements: Technological advancements can change the way people live and work, leading to changes in social structures and behaviors. For example, the invention of the internet and social media has had a profound impact on communication and social interactions.
  2. Economic developments: Changes in economic conditions, such as shifts in the job market, changes in global trade patterns, and fluctuations in economic growth, can lead to changes in social structures and behaviors. For example, the decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States has led to changes in the way people live and work.
  3. Political developments: Changes in political systems and policies can have significant impacts on social structures and behaviors. For example, the civil rights movement in the United States led to changes in laws and social attitudes toward race and discrimination.
  4. Cultural shifts: Changes in cultural norms and values can lead to changes in social structures and behaviors. For example, changing attitudes toward gender and sexuality have led to changes in laws and social practices related to these issues.
  5. Demographic changes: Changes in population demographics, such as changes in the age, gender, and ethnic composition of a society, can lead to changes in social structures and behaviors. For example, the aging of the population in many developed countries has led to changes in social policies related to retirement and healthcare.

Overall, social change is a complex process that is driven by a range of factors, including economic, political, technological, cultural, and demographic changes.

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Social Change
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