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B. Ed., Issues, Curriculum and Assessment (secondary Level), Knowledge & Curriculum, M. Ed.

Tyler Model of Curriculum Development

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The Tyler model of curriculum development, also known as the objectives model, was developed by Ralph Tyler in 1949. It is a systematic and linear approach to curriculum development that focuses on four fundamental questions:

  1. What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?
  2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?
  3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
  4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?

The Tyler model involves a step-by-step process of curriculum development that begins with defining the objectives of the curriculum, identifying appropriate learning experiences, organizing these experiences into a logical sequence, and assessing the effectiveness of the curriculum in achieving its objectives.

The four stages of the Tyler model are:

  1. Defining objectives: The first stage involves identifying the educational objectives or goals that the curriculum is intended to achieve. Objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.
  2. Selecting content: The second stage involves identifying the content and learning experiences that will help students achieve the objectives identified in the first stage. The content should be relevant, meaningful, and appropriate for the intended audience.
  3. Organizing content: The third stage involves organizing the content and learning experiences into a logical sequence that facilitates learning. This may involve developing a scope and sequence, creating lesson plans, and designing assessments.
  4. Evaluating outcomes: The final stage involves evaluating the effectiveness of the curriculum in achieving its objectives. This may involve assessing student learning, evaluating the effectiveness of the teaching strategies and materials used, and making any necessary revisions to the curriculum.

The Tyler model of curriculum development is a widely used approach in education and is known for its focus on clearly defined objectives, alignment with learning standards, and systematic approach to curriculum development.

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Tyler Model of Curriculum Development

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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

School and Out of School

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Knowledge can be acquired both in School and out of school settings. Here are some facets of knowledge that can be gained in each setting:

In-school knowledge:

  1. Formal education: This includes knowledge that is taught in formal settings such as classrooms, lectures, and tutorials. It is typically structured and follows a set curriculum.
  2. Skills development: Schools also provide opportunities for students to develop a wide range of skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and teamwork.
  3. Socialization: Schools provide a platform for students to interact with their peers, form relationships, and develop social skills.

Out-of-school knowledge:

  1. Life experience: Life experiences, such as traveling, volunteering, and working, can provide valuable knowledge and insights that cannot be learned in a classroom.
  2. Informal learning: This refers to knowledge that is gained through self-directed learning, reading, and exploration. It is typically not structured or part of a formal curriculum.
  3. Hobbies and interests: Pursuing hobbies and interests can lead to the acquisition of specialized knowledge and skills. For example, a person who loves gardening may become knowledgeable about plants and soil types.

It is important to note that both knowledge are important for personal and professional development.

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School and Out School

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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum, NET, Paper 2, Unit 1 Educational Studies

Vedanta Philosophy

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Vedanta Philosophy is a school of Hindu philosophy that is based on the teachings of the Upanishads, which are considered to be the concluding portions of the Vedas, the oldest and most revered scriptures of Hinduism.

The word “Vedanta” literally means “end of the Vedas.”

Vedanta philosophy is centered around the idea of the ultimate reality, which is called Brahman. Brahman is considered to be the unchanging, eternal, and infinite reality that underlies all of creation. According to Vedanta, the ultimate goal of human life is to realize this ultimate reality and to become one with it.

Three main Schools of Vedanta Philosophy :

There are three main schools of Vedanta philosophy: Advaita Vedanta, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Dvaita Vedanta.

Advaita Vedanta, which was founded by the 8th-century philosopher Adi Shankara, holds that Brahman is the only reality and that everything else, including the individual self (Atman), is an illusion. According to this school, the goal of human life is to realize this ultimate reality and to transcend the illusion of individual existence.

Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, which was founded by the 11th-century philosopher Ramanuja, holds that Brahman is the ultimate reality, but that the individual self is also real and distinct from Brahman. According to this school, the goal of human life is to realize the unity between the individual self and Brahman.

Dvaita Vedanta, which was founded by the 13th-century philosopher Madhva, holds that both Brahman and the individual self are real and distinct entities. According to this school, the ultimate goal of human life is to attain devotion to God and to attain eternal life in the presence of God.

Overall, Vedanta philosophy has had a profound impact on Indian culture and has influenced many spiritual traditions both within and outside of India.

Epistemology of Vedanta Philosophy:

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge and belief.

In Vedanta philosophy, epistemology is closely tied to the concept of ultimate reality, or Brahman.

According to Vedanta, there are three means of knowledge or pramanas:

Perception inference, and scripture. Perception refers to direct observation through the senses, inference refers to logical reasoning, and scripture refers to the Vedas and other sacred texts.

However, Vedanta holds that these means of knowledge are limited and cannot provide true knowledge of ultimate reality. Instead, the only way to know Brahman is through direct experience, which is achieved through spiritual practice such as meditation, contemplation, and devotion.

Vedanta also acknowledges the limitations of language and concepts in describing ultimate reality. Brahman is beyond all dualities and cannot be fully described or understood through language or thought.

Therefore, Vedanta places a great emphasis on personal experience and realization of ultimate reality, rather than mere intellectual understanding. The goal of Vedanta is not simply to accumulate knowledge, but to transcend the limitations of the mind and attain direct experience of the ultimate reality.

Also Read : Sankhya Philosophy

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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum, NET, Paper 2, Unit 1 Educational Studies

Sankhya Philosophy

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Sankhya Philosophy is one of the six major schools of Indian philosophy, and it focuses on the nature of existence and the process of creation. The Sankhya school was founded by the sage Kapila, who is considered the founder of the school.

Key concepts and principles of Sankhya philosophy include:

  1. Prakriti and Purusha: According to Sankhya philosophy, the universe is composed of two fundamental realities: prakriti (matter) and purusha (spirit). Prakriti is the material world. It is made up of the five elements (earth, water, fire, air, and ether), as well as the mind and the senses. Purusha, on the other hand, is the individual consciousness or soul, which is eternal and unchanging.
  2. Gunas: Prakriti is further divided into three gunas, or qualities: sattva (purity), rajas (activity), and tamas (inertia). These three gunas are responsible for the diversity and complexity of the material world.
  3. Evolution of the Universe: According to Sankhya philosophy, the universe evolves through a process of transformation and combination of the three gunas. This process leads to the formation of the various elements and forms of matter that make up the material world.
  4. Liberation: The ultimate goal of Sankhya philosophy is to achieve liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death. This is achieved through the realization of the true nature of the self (purusha) and the attainment of spiritual knowledge.
  5. Yoga: Sankhya philosophy is closely associated with the practice of yoga, which is seen as a means of attaining spiritual realization and liberation. Yoga is seen as a way of purifying the mind and body. Also, a way of developing the power of concentration and insight.

Overall, Sankhya philosophy provides a comprehensive understanding of the nature of reality and the process of creation, and offers a practical path for achieving spiritual realization and liberation.

Epistemology of Sankhya Philosophies

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge. In Sankhya philosophy, the theory of knowledge (pramana) is an important aspect of epistemology. According to Sankhya philosophy, knowledge is obtained through three pramanas or valid means of knowledge, which are:

  1. Perception (pratyaksha): Perception is the direct knowledge obtained through the senses. It is considered a valid source of knowledge as long as the senses are not impaired and the object is present.
  2. Inference (anumana): Inference is the indirect knowledge obtained through reasoning. It involves drawing a conclusion based on observation and prior knowledge. Inference is considered a valid source of knowledge as long as it is based on reliable premises and the conclusion is logically sound.
  3. Testimony (shabda): Testimony is the knowledge obtained through reliable sources such as scriptures, gurus, and experts. Testimony is considered a valid source of knowledge as long as the source is trustworthy. Also, the knowledge is not contradicted by other valid means of knowledge.

In addition to these three pramanas, this philosophy also recognizes two types of false knowledge (viparyaya): mistaking the impermanent for the permanent and mistaking the impure for the pure.

Overall, Sankhya philosophy provides an understanding of the sources and limits of knowledge. It also emphasizes on the importance of relying on reliable means of knowledge to obtain true and accurate knowledge.

Also Read: Concrete and Absolute Knowledge

Sankhya Philosophy

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B. Ed., Knowledge & Curriculum

Organizing the Curriculum Components

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Organizing the curriculum components involves a process of identifying and arranging the various elements that make up the curriculum to support effective teaching and learning.

Here are the key steps to organizing the curriculum components:

  1. Determine the learning goals and objectives: The first step is to define the learning outcomes that the curriculum is intended to achieve. This involves identifying the specific knowledge, skills, and competencies that students should acquire. Learning goals and objectives should be clear, measurable, and aligned with the overall mission and vision of the educational program.
  2. Identify the content to be covered: The next step is to determine the specific content that will be included in the curriculum. This may involve selecting topics, themes, or units of study that are aligned with the learning goals and objectives. It is important to ensure that the content is relevant, engaging, and developmentally appropriate for the target audience.
  3. Choose instructional strategies and activities: Once the learning goals, objectives, and content have been identified, the next step is to select instructional strategies and activities that will be used to teach the material. This may involve a variety of approaches, such as lectures, discussions, project-based learning, or experiential learning. The key is to select strategies that are effective, engaging, and aligned with the learning objectives.
  4. Design assessments: Assessments are an essential component of the curriculum as they allow educators to evaluate student learning and progress. This involves designing formative and summative assessments that are aligned with the learning goals and objectives. Assessments may take many forms, such as tests, quizzes, essays, presentations, or projects. It is important to ensure that assessments are fair, valid, and reliable.
  5. Select resources: To support the implementation of the curriculum, educators need access to a range of resources, such as textbooks, technology, manipulatives, and other materials. It is important to select resources that are aligned with the learning goals and objectives. It should support student engagement and learning and be accessible to all students.
  6. Ensure alignment: Finally, it is essential to ensure that all of the curriculum components are aligned with each other and with the overall goals of the educational program. This involves reviewing and revising the curriculum regularly to ensure that it remains current, relevant, and effective.

Overall, organizing the curriculum components is a complex process that requires careful planning, collaboration, and ongoing evaluation and refinement. By following these steps, educators can develop a coherent and effective curriculum that supports student learning and achievement.

Also Read: Factors affecting Curriculum Change
Organizing the Curriculum Components
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