Category Archives: Paper 2

NET, Paper 2, Unit 7 Pedagogy, Andragogy and Assessment

Reflective Journal

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A reflective journal is a type of personal writing that allows individuals to reflect on their experiences, thoughts, and feelings. It is a tool used for self-reflection and can be used for a variety of purposes, such as personal growth, learning, and professional development.

Reflective Journal Features :

  • Reflective journaling typically involves regularly writing down thoughts and reflections about experiences or events, including what was learned, how the experience affected the writer, and what the writer could do differently in the future.
  • The writing can be in any format, including freeform prose, lists, or bullet points, and can include images, sketches, or other visual aids.
  • Reflective journaling is often used in education and training settings, such as in teacher training programs, to help students and professionals develop their critical thinking and self-awareness skills.
  • It can also be used as a therapeutic tool to help individuals process and cope with difficult emotions or experiences.

Reflective Journal in Teaching :

It is a valuable tool for teachers to engage in self-reflection and professional development. By regularly writing down their thoughts and reflections about their teaching experiences, teachers can gain a deeper understanding of their own teaching practices, strengths, and areas for improvement.

Reflective journaling can be used in a variety of ways in teaching, including:

  1. Planning and preparation: Teachers can use reflective journaling to plan and prepare for their lessons. By reflecting on their previous lessons and experiences, teachers can identify areas where they need to focus their attention and plan strategies to address them.
  2. Assessment and evaluation: Teachers can use reflective journaling to assess and evaluate their own teaching practices. They can reflect on their lesson plans, instructional strategies, and student engagement, and use this information to identify areas for improvement and adjust their teaching accordingly.
  3. Professional development: Reflective journaling can be used as a tool for professional development. Teachers can reflect on their own teaching practices and identify areas where they need to improve their skills or knowledge. They can then seek out resources and opportunities for professional development to address these areas.
  4. Feedback and collaboration: Teachers can also use reflective journaling as a tool for giving and receiving feedback and collaborating with colleagues. By sharing their reflections with others, teachers can gain insights and perspectives from others and work together to improve their teaching practices.

Overall, reflective journaling can help teachers develop their self-awareness, critical thinking, and professional skills, leading to improved teaching practices and better outcomes for their students.

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What is reflective Journal?
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M. Ed., NET, Paper 2, Psychology of Learning and Development, Unit 3 Learner and Learning Process

Factors Affecting Intelligence

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Intelligence is a complex construct that is influenced by a variety of factors. It is always said that Nature and nurture both affect intelligence.

Nature refers to heredity and nurture to
environment. At present, researchers agree that individual differences in intelligence are clearly the result of the interplay between genetic factors and the environmental conditions

Here are some of the most important factors that can impact intelligence:

  1. Genetics: Intelligence is partially influenced by genetic factors. Certain genes may be associated with higher levels of cognitive ability and thus higher intelligence.
  2. Environmental factors: Environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, and exposure to toxins can impact the development of the brain and therefore affect intelligence. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, quality schooling, and good family background increase intelligence.
  3. Brain development: The development of the brain, including the growth of brain structures and the formation of neural connections, can significantly impact intelligence.
  4. Health and well-being: Good health and overall well-being, including proper nutrition, exercise, and sufficient sleep, can contribute to higher levels of intelligence. A healthy diet will lead to better mental health and intelligence.
  5. Learning experiences: Formal education and informal exposure to new information and ideas, can have a significant impact on intelligence. With new learning and better ideas, the person becomes more intelligent.
  6. Emotional and social intelligence: Emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and regulate emotions is important. Social intelligence, the ability to understand and navigate social relationships, is also an important component of overall intelligence.
Also Read: Assessment Techniques of Personality

Intelligence is not determined solely by any one of these factors, but by the interplay and combination of all of these factors. Additionally, intelligence is a dynamic construct that can change and develop over time.

Factors affecting Intelligence
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B. Ed., Childhood and Growing Up, M. Ed., NET, Paper 2, Psychology of Learning and Development, Unit 3 Learner and Learning Process

Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory

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Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory was developed by Sigmund Freud. He is the founder of psychoanalysis, a method of treating mental illness and understanding the human psyche. His theory is based on the idea that the unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts, memories, and desires that shape our behavior.

Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious mind

According to Freud’s theory, the mind is divided into three parts: the conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious mind. The conscious mind is what we are aware of at any given moment, while the preconscious mind contains thoughts and memories that can be brought into consciousness with ease. The unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are hidden from consciousness and can only be accessed through psychoanalytic techniques.

Freud believed that the unconscious mind has a powerful influence on behavior and that much of our behavior is motivated by unconscious desires and conflicts. He developed a model of personality consisting of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id represents our primitive instincts and desires, the ego is the rational part of the mind that mediates between the id and the external world, and the superego is the moral and ethical component that represents societal values and norms.

One of the key concepts in Freud’s theory is the Oedipus complex, which describes a child’s sexual desire for their opposite-sex parent and hostility towards their same-sex parent. This complex is believed to be resolved through identification with the same-sex parent, leading to the development of gender identity and the superego.

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory has been widely debated and criticized, but it remains an important influence on psychology and popular culture. Its influence can be seen in fields such as literary criticism, film studies, and art history, where psychoanalytic techniques are used to interpret works of art and literature.

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Freud Psychoanalysis Theory

Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory | Psychology of Learning and Development | M.Ed

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