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Defense Mechanisms in Psychology

In psychology, defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that people use to protect themselves from feelings of anxiety, guilt, or shame.

What is Defense Mechanism?

Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help people avoid unpleasant emotions by distorting or denying reality.

Some common Defense mechanisms in Psychology are:

  1. Repression: Keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts out of conscious awareness. In case a person sees the accidental sudden demise of a beloved friend or family member, this painful experience may be excluded from his conscious self leading him to become amnesic to this experience.
  2. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge or accept the reality of a situation. In this, the person ignores or refuses to acknowledge reality which is not acceptable or agreeable to him. If a person is feeling the stress of an unpleasant topic he, may turn away from that
  3. Projection: Attributing one’s own negative thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others. In projection, people blame others for one’s own shortcoming, mistakes, misdeed, unacceptable impulses, thoughts and desires. Projection is a tendency being observed in human behavior for ego protection.
  4. Displacement: Redirecting emotions from their original source to a less threatening target. In displacement the person shifts his feelings of hostility and anxiety from the person who is the real cause to another person. Displacement is a way out in difficult emotional situations.
  5. Regression: Reverting to immature behavior or earlier patterns of coping in response to stress.
  6. Regression is a defense mechanism in which one performs reverted behavior. The decline in attention of parents towards an elder child due to a new addition to the family may result in the elder one reverting to bed wetting and other infantile behavior to draw parental attention.
  7. Rationalization: Justifying one’s behavior with logical explanations that disguise the real, unconscious motives. While using rationalization mechanism one thinks logically and offers socially approved reasons in order to justify one’s behavior. Though one knows that his action is immoral and unreasonable.
  8. Identification: Modeling one’s behavior and thoughts after another person as a way of coping with anxiety. Identification may operate as a defense mechanism by increasing feelings of worth and protecting the individual against self devaluation
  9. Introjection: Taking in and internalizing the values, attitudes, or beliefs of others to the point where they become a part of one’s own self-concept. Introjection as a defence mechanism involves the acceptance of the other’s values and norms as one’s own even when they are the opposite of one’s previous assumptions.
  10. Compensation: Counterbalancing perceived weaknesses or shortcomings by emphasizing or exaggerating one’s strengths in other areas. People make an effort to draw attention away from a defect or a weakness.
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These defense mechanisms are not inherently good or bad, but they can become problematic if they are used excessively or inappropriately and prevent people from facing and addressing their problems in a healthy and productive way.

Defense Mechanism in Psychology
Also Read: Conflict Management in Psychology

Factors Affecting Intelligence

Intelligence is a complex construct that is influenced by a variety of factors. It is always said that Nature and nurture both affect intelligence.

Nature refers to heredity and nurture to
environment. At present, researchers agree that individual differences in intelligence are clearly the result of the interplay between genetic factors and the environmental conditions

Here are some of the most important factors that can impact intelligence:

  1. Genetics: Intelligence is partially influenced by genetic factors. Certain genes may be associated with higher levels of cognitive ability and thus higher intelligence.
  2. Environmental factors: Environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, and exposure to toxins can impact the development of the brain and therefore affect intelligence. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, quality schooling, and good family background increase intelligence.
  3. Brain development: The development of the brain, including the growth of brain structures and the formation of neural connections, can significantly impact intelligence.
  4. Health and well-being: Good health and overall well-being, including proper nutrition, exercise, and sufficient sleep, can contribute to higher levels of intelligence. A healthy diet will lead to better mental health and intelligence.
  5. Learning experiences: Formal education and informal exposure to new information and ideas, can have a significant impact on intelligence. With new learning and better ideas, the person becomes more intelligent.
  6. Emotional and social intelligence: Emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and regulate emotions is important. Social intelligence, the ability to understand and navigate social relationships, is also an important component of overall intelligence.
Also Read: Assessment Techniques of Personality

Intelligence is not determined solely by any one of these factors, but by the interplay and combination of all of these factors. Additionally, intelligence is a dynamic construct that can change and develop over time.

Factors affecting Intelligence
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Brain Storming Method

Brainstorming is a creative problem-solving technique that involves producing a large number of ideas in a short period of time. The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible.

Osborn’s (1957) brainstorming is a group approach to encourage
creativity. It is a technique where people in a group setting are required to come up with as many ideas as possible. People or individuals give out whatever comes to their mind on a particular topic/issue without much thinking about it or postponing it or judging it. There are four basic guidelines for the group:

Features of Brain Storming Method :

(1) The greater the number of ideas, the better it is.


(2) People can combine two or more ideas that are proposed by others.

(3)The brainstorming session maintains the encouragement of each other, complete friendliness, and a relaxed mind.

(4) Group Involvement helps in the exchange of ideas and building a better communication system.

(5) People are not allowed to judge or criticize each other ideas so it is a good way to give ideas without being criticized.

(6) Participants are encouraged to think outside the box, be imaginative, and build on each other’s ideas.

Also Read: Assessment Techniques of Personality

These are some of the main features of brainstorming, which are effective in promoting creativity, generating new and innovative ideas, and solving problems in a group setting.

Brain Storming Method of Creativity
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Bases of Curriculum

The term “bases of curriculum” refers to the fundamental principles, beliefs, and values that guide the design and implementation of educational programs and curricula. These may include:

  1. Philosophical basis: One of the contributing factors in determining the curriculum is are nature of knowledge, reality, and the purpose of education.
  2. Psychological basis: understanding of how students learn, motivation, and development because they will help in determining the curriculum.
  3. Sociological basis: Society plays a very important role in determining the future of a child so recognition of the impact of society, culture, and environment on education and learning will directly infer with the curriculum.
  4. Historical basis: It is important to consider past educational practices and their relevance to current and future educational needs.
  5. Political basis: awareness of the political, economic, and legal factors that influence education policy and practice can directly affect the curriculum.
Also Read: Factors influencing Curriculum Change

These bases provide the framework for creating an education program that is meaningful, relevant, and responsive to the needs of students and society. So they are called the bases of the curriculum as they will help in creating a proper structure.

Bases of Curriculum
Bases of Curriculum
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Emerging Problems Related to Knowledge

There are few problems related to knowledge and emerging trends:

  1. Misinformation and fake news: The rise of social media and the easy access to information is causing spread of misinformation and false information, making it difficult for people to differentiate between reliable and unreliable sources.
  2. Information overload: The increasing amount of information available has led to an overwhelming amount of information, making it difficult for people to process and retain knowledge.
  3. Decline in critical thinking: The ease of access to information has led to a decline in critical thinking skills, as people are more likely to accept information at face value without questioning its validity.
  4. Digital divide: Not everyone has equal access to technology and the internet, creating a digital divide that causes existing social and economic inequalities.
  5. False information has led to the spread of conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and other forms of false information, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

So these are few emerging problems related to knowledge.

Also Read: Factors Influencing Curriculum Change
Emerging Problem Related to Knowledge
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